The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 972 Words

â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small New England town. The town’s people have performed the lottery for more than seventy years. Shirley Jackson gives â€Å"The Lottery† a whole different meaning . The lottery is used for a public stoning, opposing to the very first thing that approaches to a reader s mind when they think of the lottery; a big amount of money . The reader sees both literal and metaphorical meaning of the Shirley Jackson’s short story because for one it shows for face value what the entire story is about, and hidden behind it is the notion of the target being picked like a lottery number. Shirley Jackson narrates the story in a twisted manner. She writes the story in such a way that the reader feels involved and active in the beginning but the climax is when the readers get shocked by the twists and turn in the plot . The storyline is vivid and captivating. By using symbolism; (define symbolism using kennedys definition) Jackson uses names, items, and the setting to conceal the true meaning and intent of the lottery. The names of each character hold very significant meanings to the lottery Jackson uses symbolic names to indicate and foretell what will come to be after the lottery is conducted. The name â€Å"Delacroix†(Jackson 266) gives the meaning of â€Å"Of the cross† French. Mrs. Delacroix’s friendly relations with the Graves family foreshadows her willingness to kill Tess Hutchinson with a smile on her face .Show MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"Th e Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders Free Essays

Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Student University April 11, 2010 Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were everal models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established that the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A tr aits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits—Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality—are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor Doyce , 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common Ru nning Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: p aranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger Trull, 1991; Widiger Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly e xtreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included: the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley Jang, p. 264 ). Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of ever y individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someone’s personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PE RSONALITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy. † Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman Fonagy, 1 999). Bateman Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have affe ctive and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS atients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied—interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem—as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM—III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1563-1569. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://ajp. sychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/156/10/1563? ijkey=bb19a5d11 6af525fe927da3b0a0c0250f3d61de3 Costa, P. T. , McCrae, R. R. (1994). Can personality change? In T. F. Heatherton, J. L. Weinberger (Eds. ), Can personality change? (pp. 21–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Linehan, M. M. (1992) Cognitive Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. Livesley, W. John Jang, Kerry L.. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality, European Journal of Personality, 19(4), 257-268. Markon, K. E, Krueger, R. F. , Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and bnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–157. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. McCrae, Robert R. , Jian, Yang, et al. (2001). Personality Profiles and the Prediction of Categorical Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality, 69(2), 155-174. Mischel, W. (1999). Personality coherence and dispositions in a Cognitive œAffective Personality System (CAPS) approach. In D. Cervone, Y. Shoda (Eds. ), The coherence of personality (pp. 37–60). New York: Guilford. O’Connor B. P. (2002). The search for dimensional structure differences between normality and bnormality: A statistical review of published data on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83(4), 962–982. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12374447 O’Connor B. P. Dyce J. A. (2001) Rigid and extreme: A geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1119–1130. PubMed Database. Piper, W. E. , Rosie, J. S. , Azim, H. F. A, Joyce A. S. (1993). A randomized trial of psychiatric day treatment for patients with affective and personality disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 44, 757–763. Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman (Eds. ), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 3–33). San Diego, CA: Academic. Rutter, M. (1987). Temperament, personality and personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 443–458. Tyrer, Peter. (2001). Personality disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 81-84. Retrieved on April 9, 2010 from http://bjp. rcpsych. org/cgi/content/full/179/1/81 Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Chmielewski, Michael. (2008). Structures of Personality and Their Relevance to Psychopathology: II. Further Articulation of a Comprehensive Unified Trait Structure. Journal of Personality, 76(6), 1545-1586. EBSCO Database: Academic Search Premier. Vernon, P. E. (1964). Personality assessment: A critical survey. London: Methuen. Wakefield, J. C. (1992). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R’s definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232–247. Widiger, T. A. , Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology: Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377–404. Widiger, T. A. , Trull, T. J. (1991). Diagnosis and clinical assessment. Annual Review of How to cite Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders, Papers

Italian Restaurants in Lubbock Texas

Question: Using secondary data, evaluate the attractiveness of Lubbock Texas, as a location for an upscale (that is, relatively expensive) Italian Restaraunt? Answer: Introduction: In United States, Lubbock is the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas. The City is located in the northwestern part of Texas. The nickname of Lubbock County is Hub City. It is the seat of excellent education, economic and health care hub with wonderful cuisine culture. Lubbock Texas is known for its excellent Italian cuisine and the good taste of the people in food and other cultural aspects. The attractiveness of Lubbock Texas as a seat for upscale Italian restaurants Lubbock is known for its eclectic culture and people from all over the world. Tourists from all over the world visit Lubbock for its exorbitant culture and excellent cuisines presented by varied countries. Lubbock has wonderful Italian restaurants for many centuries now who has provided great attractiveness for tourists in visiting the place all over again. Some of the excellent Italian cuisines in Lubbock are as follows: Italian Garden One Guy from Italy Pizza Giorgios Pizza Manna Bread Wine Blue Oasis Italian Ice Orlandos Italian Restaurant Rain uptown Fazolis Cheezies Pizza Dorina Johnny Carinos Zios Italian Kitchen 20% of the population of Lubbock Texas is Italians; Lubbock has always been a favorite destination for Italians. Lubbock is known for its diverse cultures which reflect from the various kinds of restaurants in Lubbock(Mealey, 2015). The Italian restaurants focus on three aspects while choosing Lubbock Texas. First, its location, Secondly, Its Italian population, thirdly, Building the right product and striking a balance between what the customers would want today and what they would expect tomorrow. But location is the most important aspect, as if the restaurant is not located in the right location then there wouldnt be enough number of customers. The Italians know the style, the market and the challenges of the Italian cuisine in Lubbock. There is a familiarity with the providers of the products ranging from food, hood cleaning to linen washing. He most important thing is location. Lubbock is called the Hub City: for its enriching culture and varied kind of people living there. All the Italian restaurants are located in major cities of Lubbock where customers have exceptionally well convention. Italian food wins the hearts and minds of the people in Lubbock, The popularity of Italian restaurants in Lubbock woul d provide with that evidence. The service of Italian restaurants is exceptionally well, so it makes the people clamor for more Italian food in Lubbock. Apart from the location and culture of Lubbock the financial condition o f the state is also important. Lubbock is the home of many millionaires and rich people who have resided in Lubbock for ages and have great taste in food and other factors. The demography, the weather of the place is suitable for many foreign tourists to come in Lubbock during summers. The place has exceptional good natured people who have high sense of hospitability and who welcomes different cultures in their homeland. Lubbock is not only the residence of Italians but Mexicans, Americans, English, Indians alike who all reside in Lubbock in utter harmony (Quora.com, 2015). Conclusion: Lubbock Texas has been the choice of Italian upscale restaurants for its economy, location, foreign tourists and many other things. There have been many famous Italian restaurants in the areas for ages which have won the hearts of the people of Lubbock. References: Mealey, L. (2015). 10 Things to Think About When Choosing a Restaurant Location. About.com Money. Retrieved 19 February 2015, from https://restaurants.about.com/od/location/a/10-Things-To-Know-About-Choosing-A-Restaurant-Location.htm Quora.com,. (2015). Other than location, what are the most important factors to consider when opening a new restaurant? - Quora. Retrieved 19 February 2015, from https://www.quora.com/Other-than-location-what-are-the-most-important-factors-to-consider-when-opening-a-new-restaurant

Process of Organisational change management an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Process of Organisational change management The strategy of a company requires constant updating. With the changing conditions of market and industry it is important for an organisation to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of todays global environment. In order to go through the updating process the organisations should carry on an audit to analyse which aspect requires improvement. It also specifies what strategy is necessary to support the business operations, the information people use currently and the gaps in these functions and the business goals. Need essay sample on "Process of Organisational change management" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Most managers fail to analyse the current situation of their business and lack a sense of intuition and forecasting. Often it is also a draw back that the strategy of some organisations neglects the change in the functions of some important departments. It is important for a strategy to serve all the needs of departments, which require change. Through a strategy audit it becomes easier to find out which departments and operation require to be revolutionised or updating. By assessing the knowledge possessed by an organisation about its competitors and market environment the mangers can effectively take decisions in order to find the most feasible way for their businesses to maximise profits and improve market share. It is also important to calculate the extent to which change needs to be introduced to the organisation. Although the identification of the problem is a big issue but the finding a solution making sense with business world is the main purpose of change in the organisation. Back in 1970 Alvin Toffler in Future Shock (Toffler, A. 1970) describes a trend towards accelerating rates of change. He illustrated how social and technological norms had shorter life spans with each generation, and he questioned society's ability to cope with the resulting turmoil and anxiety. In past generations periods of change were always punctuated with times of stability. This allowed society to assimilate the change and deal with it before the next change arriv ed. (Wikipedia) In the volatile business environment of the 21st century the most important requirement of todays business is constant changing and updating with the external conditions. Change can be referred to as Internal, External, and business process re-engineering and transformation programs. The external change includes the changes in market, technology, and competitive environment, global and political environment etc. Internal changes involve the actions, which the organisation has to take in order to put up with the external changes. These include the business restructuring and the transformation programs. The well-planned strategy to undertake change combine all of the above elements in the suitable ratio to undertake the process effectively and in timely manners. On the other hand an unplanned change introduction can worsen the things rather than improving. Therefore it is important for the leaders and mangers to undertake the change activities in a strategical way to reap the fruit of change introduction in the organisation. A change project undertaken without a suitable strategy can increase the operating cost of the business without improving the operations and performance of the business. The formulation audit of the internal and external environment helps the organisation in formulating change strategy and the successful implementation of the change. The main purpose of the strategic management is to support organisations in the successful adaptation of change. With the advent of Information technology and the increasing globalisation the external forces are constantly putting pressure on the organisations to undertake updating activities. Swift changes in information and communication technology (ICT) over the last decades have had a revolutionary impact on how todays business organisations work, co-operate and compete. Information systems, Telecommunication and the Internet challenge the thinking on organisational structures and industry boundaries and fuel the debate on globalisation. The growth and following rupture of the dot-com bubble shows how businesses must continue to struggle how to best take advantage of the new technological possibilities. (Impact of e-economy, 2004). With the increasing globalisation the competition in the industries is also increasing the market and the domestic stakeholders have been transformed into global market and global stakeholders. In order to adapt change it is important to find answers to the questions such as what should be the direction of change? Which departments need to change? Does the business need restructuring? Who are the competitors? What are the factors effecting the tastes of the customer? What are the new threats the business will have to face in case of the invention of new technology? Strategic management is the way of finding gaps in the current performance of the organisation and to design, formulate and implement new steps in order to fill these gaps and to align the organisational functions with the pre settled objectives. It is the method of aligning all the activities being undertaken in the organisation such as management, marketing, research and development and Computer information system in a prescribed way to achieve the goals of the organisation. There are many stages involved in the process of the strategic management. These steps are divided in to three broad categories: Strategy formulation Strategy implementation Strategy evaluation The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organisation in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. Strategy formulation also helps the business in deciding about the matters to be addressed on priority basis. There is not any organisation in the world which has unlimited resources. Therefore the business organisations need to evaluate which projects are important and need investment. The future of a business organisation is very much e ffected by the strategic decision of the management of the organisation. Strategy implementation is the process of preparing the culture, employee motivation and resource allocation in order to eke the management in acquiring the on going benefits for the business. The process is constituted on the implementation of supportive policies, redirecting the management and the marketing efforts, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the employees and last but not least provisions of appraisals and rewards to the employees. The strategy implementation stage requires several actions to be taken by the management in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is directly related to the ability of a manger to motivate employees in the strategic direction and to develop an organisational culture to adopt the change and take it into the daily business practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the managers on personal level. The manger should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of commitment and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of manger. This includes the adoption of change by the employees, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the business organisations fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their s trategies in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees. The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to test the effectiveness of the strategy. The process of strategic management helps the managers to find out the answers of the above questions and designing or reshaping the strategy in order to respond to the needs of change required. These change plans are then implemented in different departments and in different phases by adjusting with the culture, environment and people of the organisation. With the increasing globalisation the importance of strategic management in bringing about change in the business organisation is also multiplied. The role of a change manager has become complex due to the multicultural workforce increasing diversity, difference in perceptions and lack of synchronisation in different departments. On the other hand the increasing expectations of customers also add to the challenges facing todays managers. According to Ajayi Several factors such as distance time, culture, history, demographics and the internal and external forces are needed to adjust in order to undertake an effective change process. (p.51) This is impossible without planning and implementing change in a strategic manner. In order to undertake the change process effectively it is important to change the culture of organisation. This can be done in a strategic way by communicating with the employees and making them getting over their fears regarding the change. The change applications and projects that develop those applications have always been subject to certain behavioural influences. The influences that can affect the performance of employees as they perform their tasks are regarded as human factor considerations. Fear as the Underlying Factor: The employees of the firms that installed the first data processing systems experienced fear. The employees feared that the computers would put them out of work, and in some cases that actually happened. However, even in those firms in which management had no intention-replacing people with the computer, the employees were still distrustful and expected the worst. How Employees Express Their Fears: When employees are afraid of the change they may react in various ways. The healthiest response is to openly express their fears to management. Management then has the opportunity to respond and put the fears to rest. Many times, however, the employees will keep their fears to themselves. How Managers Express Their Fears: Rank-and-file employees are not the only ones who can throw up roadblocks to computer use. Managers may have fears of their own. At times the managers in one functional area do not want to share their information with others. Their reasoning is that they have gathered the information and should be able to control its use-it is their data. While such attitudes are clearly not in the best interests of the firm as a whole, they are a reality of human nature. A Program to Minimise Fear and Its Effects: The mangers must be aware of how fear on the part of both employees can affect the success or failure of development projects and operational systems. The firms management, assisted by the information specialists, can minimise fear and its detrimental effects by taking the following four steps: Use formal communications to keep the employees aware of the firms intentions. The announcements by top management at the beginning of the analysis and implementation phases of the system life cycle are examples of this strategy. Build a relationship of trust between the employees, the information specialists, and management. Such a relationship is achieved by being honest about the projected impacts of change in the organisational systems and in living up to promises. Such formal communications and the inclusion of employee management team go a long way toward achieving trust. Align the employees needs with the objectives of the firm. First identify the employees needs, then motivate the employees by showing them that working toward the firms objectives also helps them meet their own needs. Team leaders and mangers can contribute to each of these three steps. The specialists often observe the resistance that employees keep hidden from management and can also detect that they are not putting their full weight behind projects. Managers should be trained to recognise and respond to resistance. These behavioural skills are just as important as technical skills. After the behavioural factors the speed of the change should be controlled strategically. Although the niche of the market leadership is to respond quickly to the needs of the customers and market condition but a successful strategic management practise should be undertaken in a balance way keeping in mind that the employees should not get overload. The speed and nature of change should be given special attention. The method of undertaking the process of strategic management is of immense importance. This also effects the results of the process. An environment of trust and understanding is the most important benefit of strategic management. Managers and employees become more innovative and productive when they tend to understand the mission of the organisation and align their efforts accordingly. Thus the productivity of the organisation improves increasing the profitability of business. The relationship between the employee compensation and the organisational performance multiplies the productivity of the organisation. The process of the strategic management empowers the employees of an organisation. The empowerment of employees increase their participation in the decision making process of the organisation. When the employees become the part of the change decision they actively participate in the whole process and play important role in the effective implementation of the change strategy. Hence the employees help each other in the process of learning, educating, sharing and supporting the change activities. (David, p.16) Most of the companies experiencing hyper growth rely on the strategic management and flexible business model in order to undertake effective change strategies. But it should also be kept in mind that the strategic management undertaken in a haphazard manner could be harmful for the business. According to Cook and Ferris the practices of high-performing firms reflect a more strategic orientation and longer-term focus. (P.454) The process of strategic management has proven to be the force of providing financial benefits for the organisations. In The Balanced Scorecard, Kaplan and Norton provided managers a framework to measure organisational performance from four perspectives: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth. While organisations worked to implement their own strategy for using balanced measures, Kaplan and Norton discovered a consistent pattern for achieving strategic focus and alignment. (Kaplan & Norton) Lack of effective strategic management can lead to business failure and a wipe out of the organisation from the industry. The strategic management in the case of undertaking change provides several benefits to the organisation, which are as follows: It helps the management in setting priorities and identifying opportunities and making the most of these opportunities. It helps in the alignment of the steps to be taken and improve the co-ordination in the management and staff of the organisation. It minimises the chances of risk involve in undertaking the process. The effective strategic management helps the businesses to undertake the use of their scarce resources in cost effective manner. It ties the management and employees of the organisation in the strong relationship of trust and understanding by taking effective communication processes. Hence the process of strategic management is inevitable in order to undertake change effectively in the organisations. References Ajayi, O. Leading Change, EXPRESS EXEC.COM, Capstone Publishing, United Kingdom. P. 47-51 Cook, D. Strategic Human Resource Management and Firm Effectiveness in Industries Experiencing Decline, Human Resource Management 25, no. 3 (fall 1989): 77. David, Fred R., Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases Seventh Edition. p. 5-25 Kaplan, Robert S. Harvard Business School Press, 2001, available at http://www.opm.gov/perform/articles/2001/spr01-5.asp> [14 August, 2006] Impact of the e-Economy on European enterprises. (2004). European Union. Wikipedia, Strategic management, 2006, Available from

Free Essays on Employment Acceptance

Why do I want to be a supervisor at the Pasco CSO. My family moved to Pasco, Washington in March 1967. We moved as seasonal migrant workers to the Green Giant Camp to work cutting asperagus from April to June. My father decided to stay and work as a Mantience supervisor for the Green Giant Trailer Camp. My family continues to live in Pasco for several more years and I worked in the summers in agriculture seasonal employment until I married in 1979. I graduated from Pasco High School and went on to attend several classes at Columbia Basin College until my Husbend was called for work in Ferndale, Washington. While in Ferndale I started volunteering for nonprofit organzation helping with information on housing, employment, and other information needed. I then moved back to Pasco, Washinton and offered Employment with the City of Pasco in the Senior Center as a Case Manager. Since then I have worked with various ethnic groups providing help with information, housing, benefits, and other services as needed. What Skills will I bring to the position: I have worked in human services for 20 years, and have build my skills in case management, coordiating, and worked with various ethnic groups.... Free Essays on Employment Acceptance Free Essays on Employment Acceptance Why do I want to be a supervisor at the Pasco CSO. My family moved to Pasco, Washington in March 1967. We moved as seasonal migrant workers to the Green Giant Camp to work cutting asperagus from April to June. My father decided to stay and work as a Mantience supervisor for the Green Giant Trailer Camp. My family continues to live in Pasco for several more years and I worked in the summers in agriculture seasonal employment until I married in 1979. I graduated from Pasco High School and went on to attend several classes at Columbia Basin College until my Husbend was called for work in Ferndale, Washington. While in Ferndale I started volunteering for nonprofit organzation helping with information on housing, employment, and other information needed. I then moved back to Pasco, Washinton and offered Employment with the City of Pasco in the Senior Center as a Case Manager. Since then I have worked with various ethnic groups providing help with information, housing, benefits, and other services as needed. What Skills will I bring to the position: I have worked in human services for 20 years, and have build my skills in case management, coordiating, and worked with various ethnic groups....

How To Connect Your Favorite Tools With Zapier (Demo Video)

How To Connect Your Favorite Tools With Zapier (Demo Video) Managing a marketing team with multiple  tools is more than tough its chaos.You end up spending a majority of your day jumping from screen to screen, commenting on the same updates in a hundred different places, and wasting a huge portion of your day on mundane tasks. Remove this trouble with s new integration Zapier. How To Connect Your Favorite Tools and Automate Your Workflow With ZapierIn this demo, you will learn: Automatically sync all your productivity tools in ONE place. No more jumping from screen to screen to manage multiple applications! With Zapier, you can easily sync all your events, tasks, projects AND campaigns from other tools directly into your calendar. Eliminate mundane tasks + duplicative efforts! With the Zapier integration, you can easily set up automatic workflows that put time back on your calendar so you can focus on finishing projects that *actually* grows your business AND increases profits. Want more information? Check out Zapier With .

Multicultural Maladjustments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multicultural Maladjustments - Essay Example The essay "Multicultural Maladjustments" talks about the people who live amidst two or more cultures and an uncomfortable feeling of being outsiders. This is poignantly brought out in the three books that are discussed, â€Å"The Namesake† by Jhumpa Lahiri, â€Å"Persepolis-2† by Marjane Satrapi and â€Å"Anil’s Ghost† by Michael Ondaatje. All these three books deal with the conflict that results from being between two or more cultures. In â€Å"The Namesake†, it is the struggle for identity of a boy of Indian origin in America that is portrayed, in â€Å"Anil’s Ghost†, the author describes the travails of a young Sinhalese woman, and in â€Å"Persepolis†, the heroine is an Iranian educated in the West. All these characters have one thing in common, which is the feeling of being an outsider among peers. A feeling of perpetual disorientation and discord haunts the lives of the people who are forced by circumstances to live as a p art of multiple cultures. They can overcome this feeling of alienation by consciously trying to become a part of the prevailing culture. The graphic art novel â€Å"Persepolis† by Marjane Satrapi. was originally written in French. A daughter of a noble family of Iran, Satrapi lived a comfortable life in Iran. In 1984, in her early teens, she was forced to flee Iran and study in a school in Austria. She feels like an outsider among her classmates at school but struggles to acquire a sense of belonging.

Global history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global history - Essay Example Additionally, the end of the Cold War has had important implications for the already precarious states of Africa and has coincided with the emergence of Asian economic â€Å"Tigers†: a global economic shift towards emerging East Asian powerhouses. Our current wave of globalization will be traced back to the late 1960s, beginning with the â€Å"social revolution† of that decade, and will end with today’s international state of affairs. The social revolution of the 1960s was also a cultural revolution. In fact, the â€Å"rise of a specific, and extraordinarily powerful youth culture indicated a profound change in the relation between generations† (Hobsbawm 324). Leading this cultural revolution were the young: teenagers started wearing jeans – prior to that only farmers wore them – and rock music became the voice of a generation (Hobsbawm 324). In fact, industries saw the potential of this young and increasingly powerful generation and catered to it through the â€Å"flourishing industries of cosmetics, hair-care and personal hygiene† (Hobsbawm 326). Hobsbawm asserts that the social revolution of the 1960s was as much a capitalist venture as a social and cultural revolution. The result of this â€Å"concentrated mass of purchasing power† (Hobsbawm 326) was the development of a sort of cultural hegemony, with blue jeans and rock music the identifiers of modern youth. Cultural symbo ls of identity thus perpetuated an Anglo-American global cultural hegemony. Additionally, "the cultural revolution of the latest twentieth century can thus best be understood as the triumph of the individual over society, or rather, the breaking of the threads which in the past had woven human beings into social textures" (Hobsbawm 324-330). Planned capitalism, expressed through governmental economic intervention and the Bretton Woods Agreements of 1944, exploded during the 1970s. Bretton Woods, which established

The Importance of Measuring Enterprise Impact Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Measuring Enterprise Impact Essay One of the key assets of an enterprise is information. Huge amounts of raw data are produced during every operational transaction in the company. Processing raw data into valuable information allows an enterprise to take more accurate decisions into action. Information technologies give support in big business systems like (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning, utilized in recognizing, extracting and analyzing business data, such as, sales revenue by product and/or department. Measuring data is difficult, and companies have to have complex systems for tracking ERP. Outsourcing Data With changing times, systems need to have data energy uses calculated into the core processes to retain more accurate data. Measuring impact is the recognized way in which you show the value your organization is delivering to its recipients and the general public as a whole. Often, companies feel the need to cut internal energy use; therefore, they outsource data processing duties. Businesses must be cautious when outsourcing data. This outsourcing can cause serious issues if the outsourced work is inaccurate or worse, manipulated to cause intentional damage to the company. It is difficult to have patience with outsourced companies that produce inaccurate work, as that is the main objective: they were hired to do the job proficiently and accurately. Having internal processes in place for data formulas can cut down significantly on misuse and incorrect data entry, as well as cut back on security breaches. Making sure that the data is properly reduced and not just passed on to another person. Data accuracy is essential, we must heed caution when reviewing others data, how do we know the information is accurate and correct. Unfortunately, there are unethical practices within data processing, and there are companies who are more into financial gain rather than upholding moral responsibilities. Conclusion In today’s competing business environment, companies should consider the competitive advantages of business information tools that provide more advanced analysis options for organizational data. Furthermore, organizations need to overcome the technical and organizational challenges of implementing more advanced information technologies in order to achieve  efficient utilization of it.

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)). Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)).

Aeneid and Hector

* Outline * I. Aeneas and Hector show leadership through faithfulness and respect to the gods and goddesses. Faithfulness to the gods. Hector prays to the gods before fighting. Aeneas obeys the god, Apollo, in leaving Dido. Respect for the gods. Hector makes an offering to Dione’s daughter, his mother, and other gods for protection. Aeneas discharges ritual vows to the gods after the fighting. Aeneas and Hector act out of unselfishness. Aeneas acts out of unselfishness by turning away from his emotions. Aeneas leaves Dido for his people and the new Troy.Aeneas helps his people and encourages them in the burial rites for Misenus. Hector acts out of unselfishness by serving the gods and continuing on his fate. Hector dies because that is the will of the gods. Hector loves his family but continues his fate to bring glory to Troy and his family. Aeneas and Hector do not back down from any situation. Aeneas cries a lot throughout the epic. This shows his human qualities. When Palin urus dies, he takes control of the ship. He leaves Dido in search of his new homeland. Hector fights with heart. Andromache begs Hector not to leave.He has the strength to let go of his family. Hector, from the Iliad, and Aeneas, from the Aeneid, stand out as great warriors that show many traits of an epic hero. They obey the gods. They put others before themselves. Their motivation is their country and family, rather than personal glory. Hector and Aeneas remain faithful to the gods, acts out of unselfishness, and are strong in tough situations. In most epic poems, the gods and goddesses play important roles. In order for the gods to be on one’s side, one must obey them, pray to them, and offer gifts to them.Aeneas is a good leader because he performs all of these acts throughout the Aeneid. Virgil points out Aeneas giving gifts to the gods at the beginning of the Aeneid: â€Å"As I made offering to Dione’s daughter, my divine mother, and to other gods who give prote ction to a work begun [†¦]† (Virgil’s Aeneid 66). In the fighting scene later on, Aeneas calls on the gods to steady his aim before throwing the spear at his enemy. Thus, he is successful in wounding his enemy. In contrast, Mezentius relies on himself. He does not call on a god to steady his aim, meaning he thinks he can do everything on his own to be successful.Mezentius does not aim well because he does not pray to the gods. Aeneas is a good leader because â€Å"[†¦] for burial of the dead, he first in early light discharged his ritual vows as victor to the gods† (Virgil’s Aeneid 331). A good leader takes care of his fellow comrades. Throughout the Aeneid, Aeneas performs the proper funeral rites for his father and for his fellow comrades. He is a courageous warrior filled with compassion. In Book XI, Aeneas prepares funeral rites for the ones who die in battle and send his promises to the gods.Turnus contrasts with Aeneas as a bad leader becau se he does not show respect for his comrades. Turnus does not make any offerings. Aeneas proves he is a good leader by caring about his people who have died. He cares about their underworld lives. Aeneas starts the Aeneid with gifts and prayers, and he ends the Aeneid with gifts and prayers. He is constantly praying to the gods for strength; he never disobeys them. Aeneas is a good leader because he puts his faith in the gods in everything he does. Homer shows the difference between Hector’s and Achilles’ obedience to the gods in the Iliad.Hector wants to please the gods in everything he does. When he is at his moment of death he says, â€Å"[†¦] must long since have been pleasing to Zeus† (Homer’s Iliad 443). Hector says these words before Achilles kill him. He is willing to die to fulfill his purpose. The gods wish that Hector would die. Hector is committed to the gods and his men. Achilles words are different: â€Å"Die: and I will take my own de ath at whatever time Zeus and other immortals choose to accomplish it† (Homer’s Iliad 445). On the contrary, Achilles’ personal needs and concerns come before the commitment to the gods.Achilles drops out of the war when Agamemnon hurts his feelings. He is not fulfilling the gods’ purpose to stay in the war. Hektor’s fate is to die. He dies fighting and obeying the gods. Throughout the Aeneid, Virgil shows that Aeneas struggles and cries over certain situations. He is an unselfish leader filled with a compassionate heart: â€Å"Weeping, I drew away from our old country [†¦]† (Virgil’s Aeneid 65). Virgil uses these moments to point out his human characteristics. Leaders and heroes are sometimes mistaken for superheroes that are exempt from tragic situations.Aeneas is a great leader not because he is put in difficult situations; Aeneas is a great leader because he leads and does not let his emotions show through those difficult situ ations. Virgil shows Aeneas’ human qualities by giving him someone to love and then that person being taken away from him in a blink of an eye. For example, Aeneas has a hard time choosing to stay with Dido or to continue on his mission. Dido worries about herself: â€Å"Dido's struggle is between her sense of duty and the divinely inspired love, Aeneas's between his human love and his divinely appointed duty† (Daniels 172).Aeneas shuts off his feelings for Dido, like a light switch. He is not selfish with his feelings. Aeneas knows what choice he will make: â€Å"Apollo tells me I must make for: Italy; named by his oracles. There is my love; there is my country† (Virgil’s Aeneid 108). Aeneas’ love is his new homeland, not Dido. He listens to Apollo instead of Dido. Aeneas has human emotion piety, which is duty towards family, country, and gods. Aeneas always fulfills his duty to his family, his fated city, and his gods. Leaders have the ability to focus on what is important and staying on track with their goal.Aeneas realizes his future homeland is more important than his relationship with Dido. If Aeneas were selfish, he would have stayed with her. But instead, he thinks of his people and his fate of the gods. When Aeneas carries Pallas’s body, he is filled with tears. The good leader that he is, Aeneas does not mourn over it long. In the Aeneid, Virgil shows that nothing blinds his sense of duty. Aeneas is a dutiful servant. He is a strong, unselfish leader because he has the strength to place his people;s emotions above his to meet their needs.Aeneas has to leave his men to cry over the loss of eager Orantes and Amycus. He shows great devotion to his men. Aeneas mourns over Palinurus’ death: â€Å"So grieving, and in tears, he gave the ship her head before the wind, drawing toward land at the Euboian settlement of Cumae† (Virgil’s Aeneid 159). Being a leader does not mean one is strong all the time and does not cry. Being a leader means one still leads even when he wants to break down and give up. He takes control of the ship immediately after his friend dies. Even through the tough times, Aeneas puts on a strong face for his people.Aeneas is a good leader because he is not selfish with his own desires, but instead cares for the desires of his people for the new homeland. Achilles starts the epic with anger: â€Å"Sing, Goddess, Achilles rage [†¦]† (Homer’s Iliad 1). He acts out of anger throughout the entire poem. Achilles relates to a small child: when he does not get his way, he throws a temper tantrum. Achilles has one family member: his mother, Thetis. The only reason he goes to her is to cry when things get tough. Achilles recognizes it is not his fault for the war.Therefore, he proceeds in a selfish act and withdraws himself which shows lack of leadership towards his men. He does not have any care for his warriors and their opinions. Achilles wan ts his troops to suffer from him not being there. He wants their hate to go towards Agamemnon. Achilles is thinking about himself and being selfish. A leader or a hero would never back down from his task. On the other hand, Hector continues to fight even though the war is not his fault. When the war is challenging, he does not go crying to his mother and does not come out of the war. Hektor is known as the family man.He is fighting for his wife, Andromache, to free her life of slavery. Hector spends time with his wife and son and puts war to the side. He devotes his attention and love to his family while Achilles sits alone in his tent. When Andromache begs Hector not to return to war, he still continues to go and fight. Not staying with his family as he would like to shows an act of unselfishness. Achilles’ reason for fighting is personal glory and respect. Hector’s reason for fighting is for his family and Troy. Hector’s qualities and characteristics best repr esent those of an epic hero.The best leaders are those that put others before themselves. Many rulers relax and take a break from all the stress while controlling their people about everything that needs to be done. A good ruler helps his people instead of sending out orders. In Book IV of the Aeneid, Virgil shows Deiphobe informing Aeneas that Misenus needs a burial before Aeneas can enter the underworld. Many leaders act with selfishness towards their people, demanding them to do all the work that needs to be done. But, â€Å"Aeneas himself went first in labor, cheering his fellows on, with implements like theirs in hand† (Virgil’s Aeneid 166).Instead of ordering his people on what needs to be done for the funeral rights, Aeneas performs the burial for his comrade’s death. Not only does he help, he encourages his people and has a good attitude. Aeneas shows great responsibility and unselfishness for taking charge. When the Trojans reach Latium, he continues to act as a good ruler by sending gifts to Latinus and making plans for a new orderly city. A good leader always has a plan. Virgil shows in the Aeneid that Aeneas’ absence in Book IX does not affect his role as a good leader. His spirit is still with his people.Before Aeneas leaves to form allies, he instructs his people to pull back within their encampment when Turnus’s army attacks. â€Å"Aeneas, had instructed them; if any emergency arose, not to do battle, not to entrust their fortunes to the field, but safe behind their walls to hold their camp. Therefore, though shame and anger tempted them to a pitched battle, even so they barred their gates as he commanded, and compact in towers, armed, awaited their enemy. † (Virgil’s Aeneid 260) Aeneas’ unselfishness leads to the people’s unselfishness.Aeneas’ soldiers automatically have the desire to fight back, but they obey Aeneas. In most cases, people would act against their leader if he were not present. For example, if the teacher said not to talk while she left the room, some students would disobey. In this case, all the soldiers obey. If they acted out of selfishness, they would have fought back as they wished to have done. This is the most important scene to showing how great a leader Aeneas is because his people respect his orders without him being there to remind them.It shows that Aeneas has the impact to influence his people: â€Å"Aeneas then is not at all a hero of the type of Achilles, and if we come to the Aeneid with preconceived opinions of what the hero of an epic should be, we run the risk of disappointment and also of losing Virgil's interpretation of human life† (Glover 35). A person can become a good leader by observing a good leader: â€Å"It is quite in character for Andromache in Book 3 of the Aeneid and Iapyx in Book 12 to link Hector and Aeneas together as models of manly virtue for young Ascanius† (Spaeth 278).Ascanius will b ecome a good leader from watching his father’s leadership skills. While Aeneas is away is Book IV, Ascanius takes charge, taking the role of his father. He promises gifts to Nisus and Euryalus before they leave to go look for Aeneas. Ascanius promises this just as his father, Aeneas, promised gifts to the contestants at the athletic games. Ascanius is like his father because when he kills one enemy, he does not speak with pride over his victory. He does not act out of selfishness, in that he could have boasted over the death. He limits himself with a brief comment. â€Å"Only this. Ascanius called out. Ascanius will become a good leader because he takes after his father. In Book III of the Aeneid, Virgil shows Polydorus telling Aeneas that he and his people need to leave Thrace as quickly as possible. Aeneas is an unselfish leader in making his own decisions. Before making a decision, Aeneas talks to the other leaders to hear their opinions: â€Å"When faintness of dread le ft me, I brought before the leaders of the people, my fathers first, these portents of the gods and asked their judgment† (Virgil’s Aeneid 166). Good leaders listen to the opinions of others instead of quickly making a decision.The fact that Aeneas has ultimate power does not mean he abuses it. In Book V of the Aeneid, the athletic games are being held. In the foot race, Nisus trips Salius so Euryalus will win. Many of the people balk at this scene because of the unfairness. However, Aeneas proclaims Euryalus the winner. Aeneas, being the good leader he is, gives a prize to Salius and Nisus. The most remarkable moment is when Aeneas pronounces Euryalus the winner because the crowd does not protest. The fact that his crowd remains quiet shows that his people trust him and obey his ruling.A leader usually has people for him and against him. But a great leader has people for him no matter what the circumstances. Aeneas proves he is a great leader. Aeneas and Hektor are two great men that show characteristics of being a leader through their acts of faithfulness and respect to the gods, their unselfishness in their hearts, and leadership through tough situations. Aeneas has a leadership ability that enforces others to act as a leader. No one questions Aeneas in his decision making. His people are more important to him than himself. He is a dutiful servant to the gods by obeying them and serving them.Hektor shows his leadership by fulfilling the fate of the gods. His fate is to die. Even though Andromache begs him to stay, he fights knowing his death is waiting for him. He does not fight for himself; he fights for his family and Troy. Aeneas and Hektor have the heart of leadership. Works Cited * Homer. The Iliad of Homer, translated by Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1951. Print. * Virgil and Robert Fitzgerald. The Aeneid translated by Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Random House, 1983. Print. * â€Å"Aeneas: Physical Characteristicsâ €  E. D. Daniels The Classical Weekly, Vol. 23, No. 22 (Apr. 4, 1930), pp. 172-173 Published by:  Classical Association of the Atlantic States Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/4389465 * â€Å"Hector's Successor in the Aeneid† John William Spaeth, Jr. The Classical Journal  , Vol. 46, No. 6 (Mar. , 1951), pp. 277-280 Published by:  The Classical Association of the Middle West and South Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3292802 * â€Å"Virgil's Aeneas† T. R. Glover The Classical Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb. , 1903), pp. 34-42 Published by:  Cambridge University Press  on behalf of  The Classical Association Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/696316

Arguments Against The Flu Vaccine

Every fall season we hear the question; did you get your flu shot yet? It is supposed to protect you from that nasty flu virus that circulates our communities during the fall and winter months. But, did you know that in 2011 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Adverse Event Reporting Systems Website (AERS) reported 51 deaths caused by the flu vaccine in the United States (U. S. ) (CDC,2012).According to National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), as of July 2012 there have been more than 84,000 reports of adverse reactions, 1000 vaccine related deaths and over 1600 cases of Guillain- Barre syndrome, a acute form of paralysis, triggered by the vaccine (NVIC. ORG). A problem exists in the fact that according to the ( NVIC) fewer than 1% of all adverse vaccine reactions are ever reported, this fact is substantiated by the problem of â€Å"underreporting† vaccine injuries according to the joint operated site by the CDC and Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) (VAERS, 2011).Resear ch claims that receiving the flu vaccine exposes people to a number of dangerous chemicals that have been known to cause multiple side effects, disease conditions, and deaths. The U. S. Government’s public health agency, the CDC, pledges â€Å"to base all public health decisions on the highest quality scientific data openly and objectively derived† (Doshi, 2013, Marketing vaccines, Para 1). Peter Doshi, a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University School of medicine, argues that in the case of influenza vaccines and their marketing this is not the case.He believes that the vaccine might be less beneficial and less safe than has been claimed and the threat of influenza appears overstated. Doshi goes on to further question the CDC’s recommendation that the influenza vaccine can only do good, pointing to serious reactions to influenza vaccines in Australia, Finland and Sweden. (British Medical Journal, 2013) Every year scientists travel to Asia and have to gue ss which specific viruses are active and circulating that season and have to chose 3 strains of flu out of the 300+ known documented strains of influenza (flu) viruses.These 3 viruses are then attenuated or weakened and added to the mix of a number of other ingredients, which we will review, to make a flu vaccine. The ingredients listed in influenza vaccines are available in the inserts provided by the vaccine manufacturers and also posted on the CDC’s vaccine Pinkbook website. A few of the ingredients include Thimerosol, 2 Phenoxyethanol, Aluminum, Beta Propiolactone, Ammonium Sulfate, Formaldehyde, Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Gentamycin Sulfate, Polymixin B and more. The ingredient Thimerosol is used as a preservative in the vaccine.It is 49. 6% mercury by weight and is a powerful neurotoxin. It has been implicated in many heath conditions such as cardiovascular collapse, autism, seizures, mental retardation, hyperactivity, dyslexia and many other central nervous system (CN S) disorders. ( CDC, Pinkbook). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says it best: â€Å"Mercury in all of its forms is toxic to the fetus and children and efforts should be made to reduce exposure to the extent possible to pregnant women and children as well as the general population† (AAP.Pediatrics- para 8, 2001). 2 Phenoxyethanol is an anti bacterial agent being used as a replacement for the preservative Thimerosal. This industrial ingredient is used in perfumes, insect repellents, antiseptics, germicides and dyes. According to the Material safety data sheet( MSDS) 2 Phenoxyethanol is harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed thru the skin. It may cause reproductive defects. EPA data sheets show chromosomal changes and genetic mutation effects in testing (Dunkin, 2008). Aluminum is added to vaccines in many forms.It works as an adjuvant to stimulate your immune system’s response to the virus in the vaccine. Aluminum has been found to be a dangerous neurotoxin t hat has the ability to slip past the blood brain barrier (BBB) causing brain damage, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS), convulsions and coma. Human and animal studies have shown that Aluminum can cause nerve death (Mercola, 2011) Beta Propiolactone is an ingredient to assist with sterilizing the vaccine. It ranks high as a hazardous chemical on at least 5 federal regulatory lists.It has caused lymphomas and hepatomas after being injected into lab mice but its true effects on humans is not known. Due to animal study results the international Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified beta-Propiolactone as a possible carcinogen. MSDS sheet states toxic to liver and kidneys (Spectrum Laboratory Products). Ammonium Sulfate is a substance added to pesticides. It is unknown at this time as a carcinogen but it’s been suspected in gastrointestinal, liver, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system tox icity.On its MSDS sheet all hazards identification on carcinogen, mutatagenic (cellular mutations), teratogenic (fetal development) and developmental toxicity are listed as â€Å"not available†. (ScienceLab, MSDS) Formaldehyde is used as a preservative to stabilize the vaccine. It is used as a chemical to embalm dead bodies and preserve laboratory specimens. It has been classified as a known human carcinogen (cancer causing substance) and has been ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds on at least 8 federal regulatory lists.Formaldehyde is suspected of weakening the immune system and causing neurological system damage, genetic damage, metabolic acidosis, circulatory shock, respiratory failure, and acute renal failure (ARF) (Kendon, MSDS. 2004). Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used in vaccines as a stabilizer to prevent the vaccine from breaking down. MSG is also found in processed foods. MSG has been linked to mental retardation, autistic disorders, learning disorders, b ehavioral disorders, reproductive disorders, retinal damage and lesions on the brains of lab animals (Hoernlein,2012).Gentamycin Sulfate is an antibiotic added to protect the vaccine from bacteria during storage. Gentamycin sulfate has been linked to deafness, nervous system disorders, and kidney damage (Sciencelab. MSDS). Polymixin B, an antibiotic that is added to protect the vaccine from gram negative bacteria during storage, has side effects that include: targeting the central nervous system (neurotoxic) and causing kidney failure from acute tubular necrosis (Luther,2013).Any one of the above ingredients can have negative effects on the human body especially the very young , very old, pregnant, and the immunocompromised population. But the effects of all of these ingredients in one vaccine, that’s certainly toxic and at times can be lethal. A normal response to an influenza vaccine is localized redness, soreness, fatigue, mild fever, malaise for 1-3 days following a flu s hot. Consider these adverse reactions listed by MClawers, a vaccine injury law firm.Death Encephalopathy Brachial Neuritis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Thromboctyopenic Purpura Multiple Sclerosis Transverse Myelitis Reflective Sympathetic Disorder Autoimmune Hepatitis Trigeminal Neuralgia Connective Tissue Disorders Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Anaphylaxis Encephalitis Seizures Arthritis Intussusception Guillain-Barre syndrome Complex Regional Pain syndrome Tourettes syndrome Lupus Wegener’s Granulomatosis Kawasaki Disease (Mctlawyers, vaccine injury)The numbers of injuries resulting from the these vaccines were so undeniable that in October, 1988 Congress created the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, creating the National Vaccine Compensation Program(VICP). The VICP is a no fault alternative to the traditional tort system for resolving vaccine injury claims and provides compensation to people found to be injured by certain vaccines (all Influenza vaccines are cove red). Every vaccine is taxed and the monies go into a compensation fund that is managed by US Court of Federal Claim, complete with vaccine courts, vaccine judges and attorneys who specialize in vaccine cases only. Monies are awarded to patients/families who have suffered from vaccine related injuries or deaths.In 2011, 200 million dollars were paid out in compensation for vaccine injuries. In 2012, there was 300 billion dollars available in the vaccine injury compensation trust fund. Overwhelming evidence of the numbers of people hurt by the toxic ingredients in the influenza vaccines and the incidence of adverse reactions, permanent injuries and deaths due to the toxic ingredients in the influenza vaccines continue to climb. Research has well documented these injuries and exposed the cause and effect of hazardous chemicals on our human population. A little knowledge can be frightening, meanwhile a lack of knowledge can be lethal. Be informed.

Competitive School Environments essays

Competitive School Environments essays Competition exists in many, many aspects of life, from sports, school, jobs, and even friends. In different situations competition is imperative and important and in other situations it can harm and be destructive. As a student a very competitive atmosphere is not a healthy way to learn. Being in a competitive environment encourages students to not help each other, to resent others and does not encourage students to become friends. One of the most important reasons competition can be harmful is that students are encouraged not to help one another. If a student needs help on an assignment or exam, another student would be less likely to help as they will be helping that person get a higher mark. The student who helped is less likely to get in, or stay in the program now that others are doing better. Often students care too much about the competition than helping their peers. In a competitive environment students generally learn to resent the people in the class who achieve the higher grades. In classes there are always the people who seem to do extremely well in everything they do. In a non competitive environment these people are looked upon with respect and admiration. While in the competitive environment people are jealous and resentful of these same people, probably because they know that the smart students will be guaranteed a spot in their choice program. Finally students in a competitive environment tend to not become as close friends. A very exciting part of school is the social aspect. Making friends with peers is easy in a non-competitive program as the students look to each other for help, and can count on the class to be there for them. For example in second year engineering the program is not competitive as long as you get over 60% then you stay in your program. As a result of this students stick together by doing assignments together, studying together which in turn de ...

Monroe Doctrine - Definition and Background

Monroe Doctrine - Definition and Background The Monroe Doctrine was the declaration by President James Monroe, in December 1823, that the United States would not tolerate a European nation colonizing an independent nation in North or South America. The United States warned it would consider any such intervention in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act. Monroe’s statement, which was expressed in his annual address to Congress (the 19th century equivalent of the State of the Union Address) was prompted by a fear that Spain would try to take over its former colonies in South America, which had declared their independence. While the Monroe Doctrine was directed toward a specific and timely problem, its sweeping nature ensured it would have enduring consequences. Indeed, over the course of decades, it went from being a relatively obscure statement to becoming a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Though the statement would carry President Monroe’s name, the author of the Monroe Doctrine was actually John Quincy Adams, a future president who was serving as Monroe’s secretary of state. And it was Adams who forcefully pushed for the doctrine to be openly declared. The Reason For the Monroe Doctrine During the War of 1812, the United States had reaffirmed its independence. And at the war’s end, in 1815, there were only two independent nations in the Western Hemisphere, the United States, and Haiti, a former French colony. That situation had changed dramatically by the early 1820s. The Spanish colonies in Latin America began fighting for their independence, and Spain’s American empire essentially collapsed. Political leaders in the United States generally welcomed the independence of new nations in South America. But there was considerable skepticism that the new nations would remain independent and become democracies like the United States. John Quincy Adams, an experienced diplomat and the son of the second president, John Adams, was serving as President Monroe’s secretary of state. And Adams did not want to become too involved with the newly independent nations while he was negotiating the Adams-Onis Treaty to obtain Florida from Spain. A crisis developed in 1823 when France invaded Spain to prop up King Ferdinand VII, who had been forced to accept a liberal constitution. It was widely believed that France was also intending to assist Spain in retaking its colonies in South America. The British government was alarmed at the idea of France and Spain joining forces. And the British foreign office asked the American ambassador what his government intended to do to block any American overtures by France and Spain. John Quincy Adams and the Doctrine The American ambassador in London sent dispatches proposing that the United States government cooperate with Britain in issuing a statement declaring disapproval of Spain returning to Latin America. President Monroe, unsure of how to proceed, asked for the advice of two former presidents, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, who were living in retirement on their Virginia estates. Both former presidents advised that forming an alliance with Britain on the issue would be a good idea. Secretary of State Adams disagreed. At a cabinet meeting on November 7, 1823, he argued that the United States government should issue a unilateral statement. Adams reportedly said, â€Å"It would be more candid, as well as more dignified, to avow our principles explicitly to Great Britain and France, than to come in as a cockboat in the wake of the British man-of-war.† Adams, who had spent years in Europe serving as a diplomat, was thinking in broader terms. He was not just concerned with Latin America but was also looking in the other direction, to the west coast of North America. The Russian government was claiming territory in the Pacific Northwest extending as far south as present-day Oregon. And by sending a forceful statement, Adams hoped to warn all nations that the United States would not stand for colonial powers encroaching on any part of North America. Reaction to Monroe's Message to Congress The Monroe Doctrine was expressed in several paragraphs deep within the message President Monroe delivered to Congress on December 2, 1823. And though buried within a long document heavy with details such as financial reports on various government departments, the statement on foreign policy was noticed. In December 1823, newspapers in America published the text of the entire message as well as articles focusing on the forceful statement about foreign affairs. The kernel of the doctrine - †we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.† - was discussed in the press. An article published on December 9, 1823, in a Massachusetts newspaper, the Salem Gazette, mocked Monroe’s statement as putting â€Å"the peace and prosperity of the nation at hazard.† Other newspapers, however, applauded the apparent sophistication of the foreign policy statement. Another Massachusetts newspaper, the Haverhill Gazette, published a lengthy article on December 27, 1823, which analyzed the president’s message, praised it and brushed aside criticisms. The Legacy of the Monroe Doctrine After the initial reaction to Monroe’s message to Congress, the Monroe Doctrine was essentially forgotten for a number of years. No intervention in South America by Europeans powers ever happened. And, in reality, the threat of Britain’s Royal Navy probably did more to ensure that than Monroe’s foreign policy statement. However, decades later, in December 1845, President James K. Polk affirmed the Monroe Doctrine in his annual message to Congress. Polk evoked the doctrine as a component of Manifest Destiny and the desire of the United States to extend from coast to coast. In the latter half of the 19th century, and well into the 20th century, the Monroe Doctrine was also cited by American political leaders as an expression of American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. The strategy of John Quincy Adams of crafting a statement that would send a message to the entire world proved to be effective for many decades.